24/09/2025
Urinalysis Test
1. Objective
The objective of the test was to examine urine for physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics to help in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections, kidney disorders, liver disease, diabetes, and metabolic conditions.
2. Principle
The principle was based on three approaches:
• Physical examination: Color, odor, appearance, and specific gravity were assessed.
• Chemical examination: A dipstick test was used to detect substances such as protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, nitrite, and blood.
• Microscopic examination: Centrifuged urine was observed for cells, casts, crystals, and microorganisms.
3. Materials
• Sterile urine container
• Test tubes and centrifuge
• Urine dipsticks
• Microscope and glass slides
• Reagents (if manual chemical tests were performed)
4. Procedure
Physical Examination:
1. Fresh urine sample was collected in a sterile container.
2. The color, clarity, volume, and odor were noted.
3. Specific gravity was measured using a urinometer or refractometer.
Chemical Examination (Dipstick):
1. A urine dipstick was dipped into the sample.
2. After 30–60 seconds, color changes on reagent pads were compared with the standard chart.
Microscopic Examination:
1. The urine sample was centrifuged at 1500–2000 rpm for 5 minutes.
2. The supernatant was discarded, and the sediment was placed on a slide.
3. The slide was examined under a microscope for RBCs, WBCs, epithelial cells, crystals, casts, and bacteria.
5. Results
• Normal findings: Pale yellow, clear urine, specific gravity 1.005–1.030, no protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, or blood, few epithelial cells, and no significant casts or crystals.
• Abnormal findings:
o Glucose → Diabetes mellitus
o Protein → Kidney disease
o Ketones → Diabetic ketoacidosis
o Blood → Urinary tract infection, stones, trauma
o Crystals or casts → Kidney disorders
6. Uses
• To detect urinary tract infections.
• To monitor kidney and liver function.
• To screen for metabolic diseases (e.g.
